Senior Electrical Engineer The LiRo GroupSenior Electrical EngineerNewton, MA$150,000–$180,000 / yearRecently, Global Infrastructure Solutions Inc. (GISI), the parent company of The LiRo Group and Hill International, Inc. consolidated a portion of the highly experienced staff of both LiRo and Hill in the Northeast to create a larger, more efficient, and cost-effective team to serve clients. We work hard to build a corporate culture that empowers all our employees to freely share their ideas, know their presence, and contributions are truly valued, fostering a climate where our employees are enabled to maximize their full potential.
Director of Electrical and Systems Engineering - Lowell, MA Michael Page USADirector of Electrical and Systems Engineering - Lowell, MANewburyport, MA$200,000–$250,000 / yearFull timeWith a strong mission‑led culture, the business is focused on developing highly reliable, regulated systems that expand access to life‑saving therapies, while fostering a collaborative, engineering‑led environment where technical excellence and continuous improvement are central to success. The Director of Electrical and Systems Engineering position is a senior engineering leadership role responsible for shaping the electrical and systems architecture of advanced medical devices from concept through commercialization.
NewPrincipal Electrical Engineer Gentex CorporationPrincipal Electrical EngineerManchester, NHYou'll work at the intersection of high-bandwidth, low-latency video distribution for enhanced night vision devices and next-generation smart battery pack design — shaping the electrical backbone of our helmet-mounted platforms to ensure efficient power delivery, robust data pathways, and seamless integration across mission-critical technologies. Located in the heart of New England, Manchester is also conveniently located within an hour’s drive of Boston, an hour from the Atlantic Ocean and less than two hours from New Hampshire’s scenic White Mountains, Lake Winnipesaukee and the many other well-known vacation destinations in Maine, Vermont and Massachusetts.
NewDirector of Engineering, Building Design JobotDirector of Engineering, Building DesignBoston, MA$160,000–$200,000 / yearNational Building Design Engineering firm looking for an executive level engineering manager to help drive business development in the commercial, healthcare and higher education space along with manage day to day operations. Information collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal.
NewSenior Electrical Engineer - Industrial - Danvers, MA Michael Page USASenior Electrical Engineer - Industrial - Danvers, MADanvers, MA$125,000–$180,000 / yearFull timeMy client is a global technology leader in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, providing innovative solutions that enable the production of advanced chips used in consumer electronics, automotive applications, communications, and industrial technologies. The Senior Electrical Engineer is responsible for the design, development, and support of complex electrical and electromechanical systems used in advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
Electrical Engineer - Industrial - Salem, MA Michael Page USAElectrical Engineer - Industrial - Salem, MASalem, MA$120,000–$160,000 / yearFull timeWith decades of industry leadership and a strong international footprint, they partner with leading chip manufacturers to drive innovation across industries including automotive, consumer electronics, and communications. The ideal candidate is an experienced electrical engineer with a strong background in hardware design and a proven ability to deliver projects independently.
FM Approvals Electrical Engineer FMFM Approvals Electrical EngineerNorwood, MAAs a trusted leader in third-party certification, we help manufacturers bring safe, compliant, and high-performing products to market. Here, you'll grow your technical expertise, collaborate with industry experts, and play a key role in advancing global safety.
Electrical Estimator $100K+ BREEN & SULLIVAN MECHANICAL SERVICES INCElectrical Estimator $100K+Wilmington, MAAs an Electrical Estimator, you’ll play a key role in helping us deliver high-quality electrical projects across the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) construction industry. If you have a sharp eye for detail, a strong understanding of electrical systems, and a passion for building accurate, competitive project estimates — we want to hear from you.
Senior System Engineer Viken DetectionSenior System EngineerBurlington, MA$105,000–$155,000 / yearDefining/documenting baseline requirements which may include analysis of customer/systems requirements; CONOPS development; establishing and documenting derived and decomposed requirements for different subsystems and disciplines (EE, ME, Software). Working with development team in establishing systems design including use cases/user stories, preliminary and detailed design, system architecture, and internal and external interfaces.
NewNETA Electrical Testing Service Operations Manager - Boston VertivNETA Electrical Testing Service Operations Manager - BostonBoston, MA$124,425–$155,466 / yearOur organization specializes in electrical engineering and testing, offering a wide range of maintenance, testing, and engineering services across various sectors, including utilities, data centers, renewable energy, and both commercial and industrial markets. With a revenue of $6.9 billion and a robust customer base across nearly 70 countries, we are uniquely positioned to deliver exceptional value to our clients and create new opportunities for our team.
Technical Service Engineering Shred-Tech CorporationTechnical Service EngineeringCambridge, ONThe Technical Service Engineering will address incoming inquiries and requests for technical support, parts and service, warranty issues and address customer challenges with respect to all equipment. Serve as the service representative in project leader meetings with engineering and CI teams, addressing all aspects of product development, process improvements, and field operations.
NewElectrical Estimator $100K BREEN & SULLIVAN MECHANICAL SERVICES INCElectrical Estimator $100KWilmington, MAAs an Electrical Estimator, you’ll play a key role in helping us deliver high-quality electrical projects across the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) construction industry. Refrigeration: RC148185 3 Plumbing: 3378 AA/EOE Apply BR Compensation details: 100000-100000 Yearly Salary PI7bbb74b40a75-25448-389017365c143e31-5e48-4549-b638-05792d185386
NewFM Approvals Engineering Quality Auditor II FMFM Approvals Engineering Quality Auditor IINorwood, MA$74,080–$106,500The role of the Quality Auditor is expected to independently schedule and conduct conformity assessment audits at customer locations. This role will support a team of dedicated auditors who focus on conducting customer at location on-site compliance audits.
NewRF Engineer III (NH) - Security Clearance GCR Professional ServicesRF Engineer III (NH) - Security ClearanceHudson, New HampshireContractorCollaboration: Collaborate with cross-functional teams, including electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, software engineers, and project managers, to ensure successful integration of the Antennas. *Testing and Measurement Equipment: - Experience with Antenna/RF testing and measurement equipment, such as network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.
CAD / PCB Engineer II GCR Professional ServicesCAD / PCB Engineer IIAndover, MassachusettsContractorJoin a focused team of engineers bringing highly complex, dense, rugged and secure electronic packaging solutions to our nation’s warfighters and first responders. • Ability to work in a fast-paced engineering services group supporting multiple time zones within the US and internationally.
Aviation Electronics, Electrical & Computer Systems Technician U.S. NavyAviation Electronics, Electrical & Computer Systems TechnicianSomerville, MAWork Environment Assignments with squadrons at naval air stations and aboard aircraft carriers worldwide; work in hangars, avionics labs, and outdoors on flight lines in all weather conditions and high noise environments; close teamwork with other aviation ratings and aircrew in a structured maintenance organization; potential temporary duty with detachments and deployments supporting carrier or expeditionary operations. Additional qualifications for this job may include: United States citizenship and eligibility for a security clearance; normal color perception; interest in aviation and working around aircraft; strong aptitude in electronics, computers, and precision technical work; manual dexterity, good memory, and physical fitness sufficient to work safely on flight lines, in hangars, and on shipboard aircraft.
NewSales Engineer GCR Professional ServicesSales EngineerAmesbury, Massachusetts$85,000–$120,000 / yearThis role collaborates closely with Sales, Engineering, Operations, and Quality to develop and deliver engineered solutions that meet customer requirements while driving revenue growth, customer satisfaction, and long-term business relationships. The Sales Engineer serves as the technical liaison between customers and internal teams, providing engineering expertise throughout the sales process.
Application Engineer GCR Professional ServicesApplication EngineerBillerica, Massachusetts$95,000–$130,000 / yearJob Summary: This role is responsible for translating customer technical requirements into product specifications, designing and validating new features, and developing custom mechanical components. It also includes maintaining technical documentation, providing on-site support, and collaborating cross-functionally to ensure successful product implementation.
Flight Software Engineer GCR Professional ServicesFlight Software EngineerCambridge, MassachusettsContractorClient is seeking a software engineer with an B.S. or a M.S. in Aerospace Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Systems Engineering, Computer Science or equivalent. Integration and test will include everything from unit testing, static and dynamic testing, integration and interface testing, debugging, and defect resolution.
STS Senior Test Development Engineer P3 Butler America AerospaceSTS Senior Test Development Engineer P3Billerica, MA$75–$85 / hourContractorDesired Skills (Nice to Have)Experience with project leadership, project cost and schedule management, i.e. EVMS, MS ProjectDoW (DoD) project development life cycle processes. The individual comes up to speed quickly, has an impact on our projects developing test stations/fixtures/automated test software, has familiarity with a process heavy work environment.
STS Senior Test Development Engineer P2 Butler America AerospaceSTS Senior Test Development Engineer P2Billerica, MA$80–$95 / hourContractorDesired Skills (Nice to Have)Experience with project leadership, project cost and schedule management, i.e. EVMS, MS ProjectDoW (DoD) project development life cycle processes. The individual comes up to speed quickly, has an impact on our projects developing test stations/fixtures/automated test software, has familiarity with a process heavy work environment.
Relay Settings Engineer LeidosRelay Settings EngineerFramingham, MARemote$57,850–$104,575Ability to learn development of relay settings for microprocessor relays including: SEL, Alstom, GE, ABB and others for both transmission line relays (Line Differential, Step Distance and Pilot Schemes) and substation relays (Capacitors, Transformers and buses). Our services include engineering, planning, project management, construction management, and commissioning for electric power substations and transmission and distribution lines; protection and controls design; and electrification programs.
NewPower Electronics Engineer Aminov Search PartnersPower Electronics EngineerConcord, MA$140,000 / yearThis role demands a deep understanding of electrical engineering, specializing in power systems design, and offers an opportunity to work on cutting-edge R&D projects, such as electromechanical actuation systems and high-powered acoustic transmit arrays. Ideal candidates should possess a Bachelor's, Master's, or PhD in Electrical Engineering, matched with hands-on experience in high voltage/power systems, DC/DC converters, and prototype testing.
Senior Civil/Structural Engineer LeidosSenior Civil/Structural EngineerFramingham, MA$92,300–$166,850Clients requiring subject matter expertise consulting could include private equity, infrastructure and hedge funds, investment and commercial banks, private developers, legal and financial advisors, original equipment manufacturers, DOE, and EIA, among others. Our services include engineering, planning, project management, construction management, and commissioning for electric power substations and transmission and distribution lines; protection and controls design; and electrification programs.
Civil/Structural Engineer LeidosCivil/Structural EngineerFramingham, MARemote$73,450–$132,775Clients requiring subject matter expertise consulting could include private equity, infrastructure and hedge funds, investment and commercial banks, private developers, legal and financial advisors, original equipment manufacturers, DOE, and EIA, among others. Our services include engineering, planning, project management, construction management, and commissioning for electric power substations and transmission and distribution lines; protection and controls design; and electrification programs.
Account Engineer, Boiler & Machinery FMAccount Engineer, Boiler & MachineryNorwood, MA$98,000–$141,000Must possess a strong understanding of asset integrity principles in complex process environments, including the reliability and integrity of critical equipment such as steam and gas turbines, electrical generators, rotating equipment, boilers, and piping systems, along with electrical systems, and how these systems, including their associated control and protection elements, interact and impact one another. Critical to the role is the ability to influence key stakeholders so they become more resilient against hazards and exposures, ultimately developing into a trusted advisor through sustainable risk improvement, strong communication skills, engineering expertise, and business acumen.
Sales Director - Utility Distribution (Remote - North America) Michael Page USASales Director - Utility Distribution (Remote - North America)Boston, MARemote$150,000–$180,000 / yearFull timeOur client is a global manufacturer within the high-voltage electrical infrastructure and power transmission space, supporting utility, grid modernization, and energy distribution applications across North America, LATAM, Europe, and Asia. Knowledge of utility transmission and distribution products such as line hardware, cable accessories, surge protection, connectors, insulation products, or related electrical infrastructure solutions preferred.
Engineer (Electrical Planning and Design), Electrical Engineering National Grid PlcEngineer (Electrical Planning and Design), Electrical EngineeringWaltham, MA$109,000–$128,000 / yearKnowledge of power systems strongly preferred including protection system operation and reliability philosophy, utility system practices, three-phase power system theory/operation both static and dynamic, short circuit theory/application, motor generation theory/application, reactive compensation theory, substation configuration/construction/maintenance techniques, transmission line configurations/design/maintenance techniques, outage planning, and congestion philosophy and analysis. Perform all computer modeling necessary to conduct power flow and stability studies for Transmission Planning as well as other National Grid engineering functions; utilize a team approach to ensure consistent and thorough analysis in all Transmission Planning studies.
NewAtlas Electrical Engineering Manager Boston DynamicsAtlas Electrical Engineering ManagerWaltham, MA$150,000–$200,000 / yearAtlas Electrical Engineering ManagerApplylocations: Waltham, MAtime type: Full timeposted on: Posted Yesterdayjob requisition id: R2870We're looking for an **Electrical Engineering Manager** to lead a team to design, development, and support high-performance Actuator Products for next-generation humanoid robotic platforms. Collaborate with other managers and engineers on hard design problems, work across disciplines to understand failure modes and design tests to validate design performance* Evaluate, derisk and introduce new technologies to improve performance, reliability, and scalability.*
Electrical Engineering Manager FormlabsElectrical Engineering ManagerSomerville, MA$170,000–$260,000 / yearDrive the team to hit program milestones, provide input to program schedules, actively work with cross functional leaders to develop products more efficiently. If you're looking to lead and develop a rapidly growing team of talented electrical engineers as we create next-generation digital fabrication technology, then we want you as our Manager of Electrical Engineering.
NewSenior Electrical Engineer - Building Engineering Fashion Institute of Design & MerchandisingSenior Electrical Engineer - Building EngineeringBoston, MAExperience and understanding of sustainable building design including sustainable design certifications such as LEED AP and/or WELL AP.Experience with commissioning and retro‑commissioning including industry certifications for commissioning authority or Certified Energy Manager (CEM).Significant experience designing complex and large‑scale healthcare, education, science and technology and civic/government facilities as well as data centers and campus district utility plants. Primary responsibilities include the design and technical review of facility-level electrical engineering for medium-voltage and low-voltage systems, including power distribution systems, emergency generators, UPS systems, lighting fixtures and controls, fire alarm/security systems, and motor controls.
Electrical Engineering Manager Formlabs IncElectrical Engineering ManagerSomerville, MA$160,000–$195,000 / yearDrive the team to hit program milestones, provide input to program schedules, actively work with cross functional leaders to develop products more efficiently. If you''re looking to lead and develop a rapidly growing team of talented electrical engineers as we create next-generation digital fabrication technology, then we want you as our Manager of Electrical Engineering.
Electrical Engineering Lead-Transmission & Substations VHBElectrical Engineering Lead-Transmission & SubstationsWatertown, MA$125,000–$181,000 / yearDevelop/review physical electrical drawings, material lists, calculations, analyses, reports, and specifications such as one-line diagrams, conduit sizing and layouts, physical layouts and elevations, equipment specifications, AC and DC calculations, and voltage drop, lightning, grounding, and lighting studies. The position would work with other practice groups in VHB, including civil and structural engineering, environmental, planning, and regulatory groups primarily as part of an integrated team supporting energy project design, permitting, and delivery.
Electrical Engineers II, Analog & Power - Actively Growing Our Engineering Team! RTX CorpElectrical Engineers II, Analog & Power - Actively Growing Our Engineering Team!Tewksbury, MAProvide support to production, integration, and test activities • Gain greater mastery of analog and power engineering design • Demonstrate self-motivation • Travel to Marlborough, MA; Tewksbury, MA; Andover, MA; Woburn, MA; and/or Pelham, NH may be required depending on the assignment. • Education or Work experience in one of the following areas: Analog Electronics, Power Electronics/Systems, Power Distribution or Control Systems • Experience with modeling and simulation using PSPICE, MATLAB/Simulink, or similar computer-based tools.
Specialist II - Engineering Assistant - Electrical/Test Engineer (Lexington, MA, US) MIT Lincoln LaboratorySpecialist II - Engineering Assistant - Electrical/Test Engineer (Lexington, MA, US)Lexington, MA$98,600–$133,500 / yearExamples of recent projects include the prototyping of electronic systems and effects, hardware-in-the-loop testing of tactically relevant payloads with surrogate threat systems, developing RF subsystems for satellites, and analysis of spacecraft mission dynamics, environments, and resiliency. The final salary offered to a selected candidate will depend on various factors, including—but not limited to—the scope and responsibilities of the role, the candidate’s experience, skills and education/training, internal equity considerations and applicable legal requirements.
Specialist III - Engineering Assistant - Electrical/Test Engineer (Lexington, MA, US) MIT Lincoln LaboratorySpecialist III - Engineering Assistant - Electrical/Test Engineer (Lexington, MA, US)Lexington, MA$110,400–$148,900 / yearExamples of recent projects include the prototyping of electronic systems and effects, hardware-in-the-loop testing of tactically relevant payloads with surrogate threat systems, developing RF subsystems for satellites, and analysis of spacecraft mission dynamics, environments, and resiliency. The final salary offered to a selected candidate will depend on various factors, including—but not limited to—the scope and responsibilities of the role, the candidate’s experience, skills and education/training, internal equity considerations and applicable legal requirements.
Senior Electrical Engineers, Analog & Power - Actively Growing Our Engineering Team! RTX CorpSenior Electrical Engineers, Analog & Power - Actively Growing Our Engineering Team!Andover, MARaytheon analog and power design, product and production support engineering occurs in following areas: Power System Design - Power System Noise, System Simulation and Modeling, Solid State Transmitters, Tube Transmitters, High Voltage Design, Power Sources, Generators. Design, test, and/or production experience with analog or power electronics, power systems, power conversion, power distribution, power sub-system design and/or control systems.
Atlas Electrical Engineering Manager Boston Dynamics IncAtlas Electrical Engineering ManagerWaltham, MA$150,000–$200,000 / yearThis role sits at the intersection of product design, cutting edge motor drive and sensing technology, and manufacturing, shaping how complex electromechanical systems are conceived, integrated, brought to life at scale, and maintained in the field. We're looking for an Electrical Engineering Manager to lead a team to design, development, and support high-performance Actuator Products for next-generation humanoid robotic platforms.
Senior Electrical Engineering Technician SharkNinja Operating LLCSenior Electrical Engineering TechnicianNeedham, MA$73,600–$105,000 / yearPowered by two trusted, global brands, Shark and Ninja, the company has a proven track record of bringing disruptive innovation to market and developing one consumer product after another has allowed SharkNinja to enter multiple product categories, driving significant growth and market share gains. SharkNinja is a global product design and technology company, with a diversified portfolio of 5-star rated lifestyle solutions that positively impact people's lives in homes around the world.
NewIntroduce yourself! - Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Exponent IncIntroduce yourself! - Electrical Engineering & Computer ScienceNatick, MAWe perform investigations in a wide array of areas, including: optics; power systems; semiconductors; consumer products; vehicles; medical devices; radio waves; software; networks; controls; and batteries-to name a few. To learn more about life at Exponent and our impact, please visit the following links: https://www.exponent.com/careers/life-exponenthttps://www.exponent.com/company/our-impact .
Senior Engineer, Electrical Engineering Entegris IncSenior Engineer, Electrical EngineeringBedford, MA$100,000–$140,000 / yearManage new product and technology development (NPD/NTD) projects, including: defining goals and success criteria, assessing risks, driving execution to meet timeline. This is a highly technical, hands-on role for someone who thrives in innovation-driven environments and enjoys solving complex engineering challenges.
Lead Electrical Engineering WSP Global IncLead Electrical EngineeringBoston, MA$118,000–$175,230 / yearProvides high-level technical assistance and guidance for design of electrical systems including lighting, controls, fire alarm, and power distribution for Healthcare, Life Science, Industrial, and Commercial scale projects in the public and private sector. WSP USA is providing the compensation range that the company in good faith believes it might pay and offer for this position, based on the successful applicants education, experience, knowledge, skills, abilities, in addition to internal equity and specific geographic location.
Assoc Staff - Electrical Engineering Lincoln LaboratoryAssoc Staff - Electrical EngineeringLexington, MA$116,400–$140,000 / yearExperience with: • Analog/digital/FPGA electronics design • Motor control/sensors/camera design • Power system design • PCB design and software • Circuit simulation • Space qualified electronics design • Knowledge of Python, MATLAB, or other programming languages • Recent Graduate • Experience with these skills would be considered a plus. The successful candidate will collaborate closely with optical, mechanical, and electrical engineers to design, prototype, integrate, and deploy highly integrated electro-optic systems for terrestrial and space applications.
Staff Engineering Specialist Electrical Engineering R4691 Shield AI IncStaff Engineering Specialist Electrical Engineering R4691Boston, MAWith offices and facilities across the U.S., Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific, Shield AIs technology actively supports operations worldwide. Our team is designing a flight critical custom avionics system to support communications, compute, AI power, telemetry, and all other needed aircraft systems.
Electrical Engineering Co-Op Schneider Electric USA, IncElectrical Engineering Co-OpAndover, MAFull timeThe Electrical Engineering Co-Op candidate will be joining a cross functional R&D team at the forefront of developing high-density rack Power Distribution Unit (rPDU) for AI data centers and high-efficiency Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for enterprise customers. Our Trust Charter is our Code of Conduct and demonstrates our commitment to ethics, safety, sustainability, quality and cybersecurity, underpinning every aspect of our business and our willingness to behave and respond respectfully and in good faith to all our stakeholders.
Electrical Engineering Manager Actalent IncElectrical Engineering ManagerWilmington, MA$120,000–$220,000 / yearThis role involves mentoring and developing a team of talented Electrical Engineers and overseeing the design, analysis, prototyping, integration, and testing of space-qualified electronics. We are proud to be an Engineering News-Record (ENR) Top 500 Design Firm for our engineering design services and a ClearlyRated Best of Staffing winner for both client and talent service.
Staff Electrical Engineering Tech Lead NPI Whoop IncStaff Electrical Engineering Tech Lead NPIBoston, MA$165,000–$195,000 / yearBS or greater in Electrical Engineering or related field • 7 years of experience in relevant fields • Demonstrated ability to manage technical priorities, lead complex design efforts, and mentor engineers • Deep knowledge of circuit design, low-power systems, digital communication protocols, and mixed-signal design • Proficiency in schematic capture, layout review, and ECAD tools (Altium preferred) • Strong lab and debug skills, familiarity with multimeters, oscilloscopes, VNAs, impedance analyzers, and spectrum analyzers • Clear collaborative communicator, comfortable working across disciplines and with external partners. • Tactical leadership and management experience in hardware development • Experience in battery-powered, high-reliability products at scale • Prior experience owning the electrical design for miniaturized systems or form factor-constrained products.
Director of Electrical & Systems Engineering TransMedicsDirector of Electrical & Systems EngineeringAndover, MassachusettsProven experience designing, testing and formal verification of digital and analog designs, including electrostimulation or ECG monitoring, microprocessor-based electromechanical designs, analog front end data acquisition, motor control, communications interfaces, power supplies, and battery controller designs. Create documentation for electrical designs including formal cross-functional design reviews, theory of operation, DFMEA, and complete release packages consisting of fabrication drawings, assembly drawings, Gerber packages, and their design source files.
Electrical Engineering Lead Transmission & Substations Vanasse Hangen Brustlin IncElectrical Engineering Lead Transmission & SubstationsBoston, MA$125,000–$160,000 / yearDevelop/review physical electrical drawings, material lists, calculations, analyses, reports, and specifications such as one-line diagrams, conduit sizing and layouts, physical layouts and elevations, equipment specifications, AC and DC calculations, and voltage drop, lightning, grounding, and lighting studies. The position would work with other practice groups in VHB, including civil and structural engineering, environmental, planning, and regulatory groups primarily as part of an integrated team supporting energy project design, permitting, and delivery.
Summer Internship in AI-Driven Materials & Electrical Modeling Engineering I1060H E Ink CorporationSummer Internship in AI-Driven Materials & Electrical Modeling Engineering I1060HBillerica, MA$25–$35 / hourOur culture is built on value commitments to innovation, quality, results, integrity, community, people, and collaboration that fosters a strong employee engagement, teamwork, safety and wellness. About the Position: In this role, you will contribute to the development of next-generation materials for microcapsule coating systems by integrating AI-driven research approaches with physical modeling and experimental validation.