Current areas of research focus address mechanistic questions in many pathophysiological states including hypertension, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, diabetes, heart failure, renal disease, hemorrhage, obesity, and sleep apnea, and physiological responses to thermal stress, exercise, hypovolemia, pregnancy, and hypoxia. The research activities of many of our faculty and graduate students involve studies of normal physiology such as exercise and travel to altitude as well as pathophysiological states such as heart failure, hypertension, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, diabetes, obesity and sleep apnea.