Conduct process observations and time-motion studies, line balancing, one-piece flow simulation analysis, zoning/slotting, profile analysis, takt time methods, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), process mapping, Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA), Process Capability and performance (Cp/Cpk), exploratory data analysis, hypothesis testing, process improvement methods, waste analysis (Value Added vs Non-Value Added activities, VA-NVA), Statistical Process Control (SPC), Control Charting, and Control Planning. However, employees who have access to the compensation information of other employees or applicants as a part of their essential job functions cannot disclose the pay of other employees or applicants to individuals who do not otherwise have access to compensation information, unless the disclosure is (a) in response to a formal complaint or charge, (b) in furtherance of an investigation, proceeding, hearing, or action, including an investigation conducted by the employer, or (c) consistent with the contractor's legal duty to furnish information.