NewFull Stack Automation Engineer ECLAROFull Stack Automation EngineerNew York, NY$87–$92 / hourIn this forward-deployed role, you will work directly with client engineering teams to transform fragmented infrastructure into secure, observable, AI-augmented, and fully automated software delivery and operations ecosystems. Position Overview: A battle-tested Full Stack Automation Engineer Consultant to lead the design, implementation, and optimization of modern DevOps platforms for enterprise clients.
NewManager, SAP S4 Public Cloud Professional Services Automation (PSA) KPMGManager, SAP S4 Public Cloud Professional Services Automation (PSA)New York, NY$145,350–$253,230 / yearExperience supporting at least two full lifecycle SAP implementation focused on Solution Order Management, Subscription Billing, Service Contracts, Enterprise Portfolio and Project Management (EPPM), and Professional Services Automation, with ability to contribute to workshops, assist in defining business-centric solutions, and support integration with related modules such as Sales, Finance, and Service Delivery. Qualifications: Minimum six years of recent external management consulting experience with a focus on hybrid business model transformation, including at least two full lifecycles SAP S/4HANA Public Cloud implementation in Enterprise Portfolio and Project Management (EPPM), Solution Order Management and/or Professional Services Automation, with demonstrated ability to support stakeholder engagement and contribute to business strategy and outcomes.
Senior DevOps Engineer / DevOps Automation Lead BC ForwardSenior DevOps Engineer / DevOps Automation LeadNew York, NY$68–$68.33 / hourFull timeThe ideal candidate will have strong experience in Agile/DevOps delivery, CI/CD enablement, and modern application development, and a proven ability to lead cross-functional teams to deliver secure, reliable, and compliant solutions from concept to release. With delivery centers and offices across North America and India, we take pride in building long-term relationships and delivering excellence through innovation, collaboration, and integrity.
Senior QA Automation Engineer (SDET) BC ForwardSenior QA Automation Engineer (SDET)Pennington, NJ$60–$60.40 / hourFull timeThe ideal candidate will have strong experience in test automation, API automation, CI/CD integration, and Agile SDLC and a proven ability to design and execute manual and automated tests that meet functional, non-functional, and compliance requirements while driving high-quality releases. With delivery centers and offices across North America and India, we take pride in building long-term relationships and delivering excellence through innovation, collaboration, and integrity.
Senior QA Automation Engineer BC ForwardSenior QA Automation EngineerJersey City, NJ$60–$60.40 / hourFull timeThe ideal candidate will have strong experience in UI and database test automation, SQL, Unix, and Agile delivery and a proven ability to design and execute comprehensive test strategies that ensure high-quality releases across functional, integration, and regression scopes . With delivery centers and offices across North America and India, we take pride in building long-term relationships and delivering excellence through innovation, collaboration, and integrity.
Marketing Associate III (Automation) BC ForwardMarketing Associate III (Automation)New York, NYFull timeThe ideal candidate will have strong experience in lifecycle strategy, marketing automation, and data-driven optimization and a proven ability to drive activation, engagement, and retention across the full customer journey. With delivery centers and offices across North America and India, we take pride in building long-term relationships and delivering excellence through innovation, collaboration, and integrity.
NewMarketing Automation Campaign Manager Bridge PartnersMarketing Automation Campaign ManagerNew York, NYRemote$40–$60 / hourExecute marketing campaigns within automation platforms, including building landing pages, emails, and other assets using templates provided by StructuredWeb or similar systems. Seniority levelAssociateEmployment typePart-timeJob functionConsulting, Marketing, and Information TechnologyIndustriesBusiness Consulting and ServicesMarketing ServicesInformation Services#J-18808-Ljbffr.
Technical Support Engineer, Warehouse Automation Systems BEUMER Group GmbH & Co KGTechnical Support Engineer, Warehouse Automation SystemsSomerset, NJ$38–$45 / hourChoose location Belrose Ludersdorf-Wilfersdorf Schwechat Graz Genk Campinas Belo Horizonte Calgary Santiago Shanghai Hong Kong Beijing Suzhou Bogotá Ústi nad Labem Aarhus Bron Beckum Rödermark Cottbus Magdeburg Berlin Dortmund Gurugram Kolkata Jhajjar Pune Almaty Lomas de Santa Fe Ede Lima Gliwice Qatar Singapore South Africa Seoul LHospitalet de Llobregat / Barcelona Bangkok Dubai Ashby-de-la-Zouch Somerset Greenwood Village. The Engineer is also responsible for coordinating and delivering hotline support services for both new and legacy customers, working closely with our European hotline teams to ensure seamless global service.
Automation Test Lead ApTaskAutomation Test LeadNew York, NY$80–$100 / hourWith a strong focus on cloud computing, artificial intelligence, enterprise software, and digital transformation, the company continues to drive innovation and help businesses and individuals worldwide achieve more. As an African American-owned and Veteran-certified company, ApTask offers a comprehensive suite of services, including staffing and recruitment solutions, managed services, IT consulting, and project management.
JIRA Integration Specialist AVR Automation ApTaskJIRA Integration Specialist AVR AutomationIselin, NJ$65–$70 / hourJob Description: The JIRA Integration Specialist is responsible for automating and managing AVR to JIRA ticketing and workflow integration, enabling seamless creation, synchronization, and lifecycle management of application security vulnerabilities from ServiceNow AVR into JIRA. As an African American-owned and Veteran-certified company, ApTask offers a comprehensive suite of services, including staffing and recruitment solutions, managed services, IT consulting, and project management.
Development Engineer Automation TechDigital CorporationDevelopment Engineer AutomationRaritan, NJDesign and build a Lite-Touch Automation Platform that enables scalable workstation provisioning and configuration management. Proven experience building enterprise automation frameworks or internal developer tools.
Infrastructure Automation & AI Engineer Judge GroupInfrastructure Automation & AI EngineerBayonne, NJ$120,000–$125,000 / yearBy providing your phone number, you consent to: (1) receive automated text messages and calls from the Judge Group, Inc. and its affiliates (collectively "Judge") to such phone number regarding job opportunities, your job application, and for other related purposes. We are seeking a highly skilled Infrastructure Automation & AI Engineer with strong expertise in Tanium, database technologies, Python automation, and emerging AI-driven operational use cases.
NewDevOps / Automation Engineer (Azure-Focused) IconmaDevOps / Automation Engineer (Azure-Focused)Middletown, NJ$15.15–$42.50 / hourIdentify a DevOps engineer capable of designing and implementing end-to-end CI/CD and cloud infrastructure, with strong emphasis on Azure ecosystem, automation, and migration from ADtGitHub Actions. Our client, a IT Services and Consulting company, is looking for a DevOps / Automation Engineer (Azure-Focused) for their Middletown, NJ/Atlanta, GA/ Dallas, TX location.
Cloud Infrastructure Automation & AWS Platform Engineering ApTaskCloud Infrastructure Automation & AWS Platform EngineeringJersey City, NJ$85–$90 / hourAs an African American-owned and Veteran-certified company, ApTask offers a comprehensive suite of services, including staffing and recruitment solutions, managed services, IT consulting, and project management. As an African American-owned and Veteran-owned company, ApTask offers a comprehensive suite of services, including staffing and recruitment solutions, managed services, IT consulting, and project management.
NewDevOps / Automation Engineer (Azure-Focused) ICONMA, LLCDevOps / Automation Engineer (Azure-Focused)Middletown, NJ$15.15–$42.50 / hourIdentify a DevOps engineer capable of designing and implementing end-to-end CI/CD and cloud infrastructure, with strong emphasis on Azure ecosystem, automation, and migration from ADtGitHub Actions. Our client, a IT Services and Consulting company, is looking for a DevOps / Automation Engineer (Azure-Focused) for their Middletown, NJ/Atlanta, GA/ Dallas, TX location.
Technical Test Lead | Automated Testing | Test automation framework design IMCS Group IncTechnical Test Lead | Automated Testing | Test automation framework designIselin, NJCompany Description: IMCS Group is one of the fastest growing MWBE (Minority Woman Owned Enterprise) staffing firms in the U.S. We focus on bringing a Diversity Recruitment approach to Fortune 500 companies within North America and EMEA region contingent labor programs. Required experience includes Selenium, Playwright, or Cypress, API automation, CI/CD pipelines, Git, and working in Agile environments.
Lead QA Automation Engineer Abode Techzone LLCLead QA Automation EngineerBasking Ridge, NJDrive adoption of AI-augmented testing (Gemini, GitHub Copilot, Agentic Testing) across teams. Define and implement enterprise-level Quality Engineering strategy across multiple applications and programs.
Security Engineer with Automation & Orchestration - Remote (Fulltime) The Dignify Solutions, LLCSecurity Engineer with Automation & Orchestration - Remote (Fulltime)Jersey City, NJRemoteBuild and manage automation integrations with security tooling (SIEM, EDR/XDR, IAM, ticketing, vulnerability management, cloud security) using APIs, webhooks, and event-driven architectures. Candidates must demonstrate strong automation engineering skills, comfort working with APIs and distributed systems, and practical security knowledge relevant to modern enterprise environments.
Senior Automation & Controls Engineer Phaxis LLCSenior Automation & Controls EngineerNew York, NY$180,000–$230,000 / yearOur client, a growing operator of mission-critical facilities based in NYC is seeking a Senior Automation & Controls Engineer to support the design, implementation, and ongoing reliability of industrial control and facility automation systems. The role combines hands-on engineering, troubleshooting, project execution, and lifecycle management responsibilities, partnering closely with facilities, operations, engineering, and technology teams.
Senior Payments Test Automation Engineer eTeam Inc.Senior Payments Test Automation EngineerEither NJ or Charlotte, NJ$70–$75 / hourKey Responsibilities: Test Strategy & Planning: Develop and implement comprehensive test strategies and plans for end-to-end payments processing scenarios , covering multiple payment types (e.g., domestic wires, SWIFT cross-border payments, ISO 20022 messages, real-time and batch payments) to ensure no room for error in critical financial transaction workflows . Achieve high coverage across varied payment types (wire transfers, SWIFT/ISO 20022 messages like pacs.008, pacs.009, pain.001, camt.056 , domestic networks like Fedwire, CHIPS ) and ensure accurate verification of payment processing, compliance (e.g.
Windows Operations Engineer (Automation & Modernization) Phaxis LLCWindows Operations Engineer (Automation & Modernization)New York, NY$140,000–$155,000 / yearYou will play a key part in replacing legacy technologies, improving infrastructure performance, and driving automation across enterprise Windows environments while supporting critical systems such as Active Directory, Office 365, and Exchange. Salary is 140k to 155k + bonus We are seeking a Windows Operations Engineer to join our infrastructure team and help modernize, automate, and optimize enterprise Windows environments.
Selenium Automation Tester Q1 Technologies, IncSelenium Automation Testerjersey city, NJNote- Selenium engineer but they will have to write codes, its just not running the already available test codes they will have create from scratch hence coding is must. Expert and hands on with backend test automation using Rest Assured/Karate for API testing.
Incident Response Engineer (CrowdStrike & Automation) Phaxis LLCIncident Response Engineer (CrowdStrike & Automation)New York, NY$140,000–$160,000 / yearYou will work closely with IT and security teams to contain incidents, improve visibility across endpoints, and build automation that strengthens the organization's overall security posture using CrowdStrike and modern scripting tools. Salary is 140k to 160k + bonus We are seeking an Incident Response Engineer to join our cybersecurity operations team, with a focus on threat detection, incident response, and endpoint security automation.
SDET / Test Automation Q1 Technologies, IncSDET / Test AutomationHamilton, NJYou will partner closely with Engineering, Product, DevOps, and Business stakeholders to drive quality by design, reduce production risk, and ensure reliable, highconfidence releases in complex, datadriven systems—preferably within wealth management or financial services domains. We are seeking a Principal Software Development Engineer in Test (SDET) to lead and modernize quality engineering across UI, API, services, and data layers.
Sr.QA Engineer (Test Automation) Pyramid Consulting, IncSr.QA Engineer (Test Automation)Iselin, NJ$42–$46 / hourBy applying to our jobs you agree to receive calls, AI-generated calls, text messages, or emails from Pyramid Consulting, Inc. and its affiliates, and contracted partners. Required experience includes Selenium, Playwright, or Cypress, API automation, CI/CD pipelines, Git, and working in Agile environments.
CNC Programmer/ Manufacturing Automation Tech Howmet AerospaceCNC Programmer/ Manufacturing Automation TechDover, NJ$35–$40 / hourFollow: LinkedIn , Twitter , Instagram , Facebook , and YouTube . To learn more about the way Howmet Aerospace Inc. is advancing the sustainability of our customers, markets, and communities where we operate, review the 2025 Environmental Social and Governance report at www.howmet.com/esg-report .
Plant Automation Engineer Synerfac Technical StaffingPlant Automation EngineerJersey City, NJ$110,000–$120,000 / yearJoin an industry-leading manufacturer where you'll drive automation, improve production performance, and lead engineering projects that make a measurable impact. Disclaimer: By applying for this job, you agree to receive calls, AI-generated calls, text messages, or emails from Synerfac Technical Staffing and our contracted partners.
Sr. Automation Engineer Synerfac Technical StaffingSr. Automation EngineerWhippany, NJ$140,000–$160,000 / yearExhibit strong ability to perform Risk Analysis to determine the nature and severity of potential risk of software being validated so as appropriate actions taken to mitigate the risks. * Implement updates of the systems, coordinate/perform the preventive and corrective maintenance on automated systems; update the technical and validation documentation after modifications on systems.
Selenium Automation Tester Artech LLCSelenium Automation TesterPennington, NJ$55–$56 / hourWe are seeking an experienced professional with a focus on automation testing using Selenium and RAFT. Participate in Agile/Scrum processes including sprint planning and daily stand-ups.
Test Automation Architect Artech LLCTest Automation ArchitectNew Jersey, NJ$40–$45 / hourThe position demands a deep understanding of test automation frameworks and tools to enhance the testing capabilities across various layers of the application stack. This role requires a seasoned Test Automation Architect to design and implement enterprise-wide testing solutions.
XSIAM Automation and Content Migration Engineer Artech LLCXSIAM Automation and Content Migration EngineerEdison, NJ$35–$45 / hourThis role involves working with a dedicated team to enhance and migrate digital content, focusing on automation use cases within Cortex XSIAM or XSOAR. Experience in refactoring and migrating content such as enrichment scripts, lists, playbooks, and automations.
Senior Payments Test Automation Engineer (QA Lead) - Either NJ or Charlotte 1652276BR Resource Logistics, Inc.Senior Payments Test Automation Engineer (QA Lead) - Either NJ or Charlotte 1652276BRNJ, NJSenior Payments Test Automation Engineer (QA Lead) - Either NJ or Charlotte: 12+ Months Contract (1652276BR
Technology Specialist - IT Service, Support and Operations | Mobile Testing | Mobile Automation Testing IMCS Group IncTechnology Specialist - IT Service, Support and Operations | Mobile Testing | Mobile Automation TestingBerkeley Heights, NJCompany Description: IMCS Group is one of the fastest growing MWBE (Minority Woman Owned Enterprise) staffing firms in the U.S. We focus on bringing a Diversity Recruitment approach to Fortune 500 companies within North America and EMEA region contingent labor programs. IMCS Group is committed to maintaining an inclusive workforce, where employees are hired, retained, compensated, and promoted based on their contributions to our Company.
Automation Engineer Jones Lang LaSalle IncAutomation EngineerSomerset, NJWhether you've got deep experience in commercial real estate, skilled trades or technology, or you're looking to apply your relevant experience to a new industry, join our team as we help shape a brighter way forward. What this job involves: We are seeking an experienced Automation Engineer to design, develop, and implement automation control systems for industrial processes and warehouse distribution equipment.
Software Engineer, Facility Software Automation Fluidstack LtdSoftware Engineer, Facility Software AutomationNew York, NY$250,000–$300,000 / yearFluidstack delivers gigawatts of compute in six months -- a fraction of the industrys 18 to 24 month timeline -- and every new site adds more devices, more signals, and more automation decisions that depend on clean data. If there is an error with your submission and you did not receive a confirmation email, please email careers@fluidstack.io with your resume/CV, the role youve applied for, and the date you submitted your application-- someone from our recruiting team will be in touch.
Senior Scientist, DSCS Digital Technologies - Laboratory Automation (Hybrid) Merck & Co IncSenior Scientist, DSCS Digital Technologies - Laboratory Automation (Hybrid)Rahway, NJ$117,000–$184,200 / yearThis includes, but is not limited to, developing custom automation technologies to enable implementation of PAT, delivering solutions for integrating analytical instrumentation and sensors, developing software capabilities across process and product hardware, leveraging state-of-the-art robotics to automate pharmaceutical processes, applying creative data science approaches to enable PAT realization, and inventing innovative data-rich, PAT-focused approaches for pharmaceutical development across modalities and scales. Required Skills: Analytical Instrumentation, Automation, Automation Technology, Biochemistry, Biopharmaceuticals, Data Analysis, Innovative Thinking, Laboratory Automation, Laboratory Techniques, Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Process Analytical Technology (PAT), Process Optimization.
Senior Automation Engineer Jones Lang LaSalle IncSenior Automation EngineerNJWhether you've got deep experience in commercial real estate, skilled trades or technology, or you're looking to apply your relevant experience to a new industry, join our team as we help shape a brighter way forward. 5+ years of PLC-controlled automation experience, including Ladder Logic and structured programming (Siemens, Allen-Bradley, or Codesys) and issue diagnosis in production environments.
Sr Staff Automation & Controls Engineer ZT SystemsSr Staff Automation & Controls EngineerSecaucus, NJ$116,250–$155,000 / yearPlease be aware that certain positions may require the applicant to either 1) be a (i) U.S. citizen or national, (ii) U.S. lawful, permanent resident (aka green card holder), (iii) Refugee under 8 U.S.C. § 1157, or (iv) Asylee under 8 U.S.C. § 1158, or 2) be eligible to obtain an export control license or license exception from the Bureau of Industry and Science & U.S. Department of Commerce. The right person for this role is an agent of change and has exceptional analytical capabilities, thrives in a fast-paced environment, loves problem-solving, is a good communicator, and is passionate about enabling the future of cloud computing.
AI Automation Engineer OUTFRONT Media IncAI Automation EngineerNY$125,000–$145,000 / yearAWS (Bedrock, Lambda, Step Functions, RDS), TypeScript/Node, Python, Vercel AI SDK, Next.js, PostgreSQL, Microsoft (Copilot Studio, Power Apps, Power Automate, M365), Snowflake, Salesforce, Bitbucket, Kiro, Claude Code. You'll spend your first year ramping fast: shipping production work from day one, learning our AWS and Microsoft stacks, building a reputation as someone who delivers.
Senior Director of Software Engineering - Post Trade Technology -Operations Case Management & AI Automation Platforms JPMorgan Chase & CoSenior Director of Software Engineering - Post Trade Technology -Operations Case Management & AI Automation PlatformsJersey City, NJAs a Senior Director of Software Engineering at JPMorganChase within the Corporate and Investment Bank, Post Trade Technology -Operations Case Management & AI Automation Platforms, you will lead a global technology organization with end-to-end build-and-run ownership of a strategic case management, workflow/task orchestration, and automation platforms utilized across the CIB. The platform supports more than 10,000 users and is engineered to a 99.99% uptime target, enabling critical daily operations and client service through event-based intake (exceptions and email), integration with systems of record, automation through AI capabilities, and robust audit trails, controls and analytics.
Sr. Building Automation Technician Jones Lang LaSalle IncSr. Building Automation TechnicianPennington, NJ$43.26–$55.28 / hourWhether you've got deep experience in commercial real estate, skilled trades or technology, or you're looking to apply your relevant experience to a new industry, join our team as we help shape a brighter way forward. You'll leverage your technical expertise to maintain seamless operations, analyze system data, and implement solutions that directly impact occupant comfort, energy efficiency, and operational excellence.
Staff Controls, Automation & Mechatronics Engineer ZT SystemsStaff Controls, Automation & Mechatronics EngineerSecaucus, NJ$93,000–$136,400 / yearPlease be aware that certain positions may require the applicant to either 1) be a (i) U.S. citizen or national, (ii) U.S. lawful, permanent resident (aka green card holder), (iii) Refugee under 8 U.S.C. § 1157, or (iv) Asylee under 8 U.S.C. § 1158, or 2) be eligible to obtain an export control license or license exception from the Bureau of Industry and Science & U.S. Department of Commerce. The right person for this role is an agent of change and has exceptional analytical capabilities, thrives in a fast-paced environment, loves problem-solving, is a good communicator, and is passionate about enabling the future of cloud computing.
Director, Global Connectivity, Cloud and Automation - PVH Corp. PVH CorpDirector, Global Connectivity, Cloud and Automation - PVH Corp.Bridgewater, NJIn addition to complying with all applicable laws, PVH is also committed to ensuring that all current and future PVH associates are compensated solely on job-related factors such as skill, ability, educational background, work quality, experience and potential. This role defines and drives the strategy, architecture, delivery, and operational excellence of next‑generation network security, cloud connectivity, DNS/DHCP/IPAM platforms, automation frameworks, and reliability engineering practices.
Director, AI Engineering and Automation (Remote) Crum & Forster Holdings Corp.Director, AI Engineering and Automation (Remote)MORRISTOWN, NJRemoteWe believe you do well by doing good and want to encourage a spirit of social and community responsibility, matching donation program, volunteer opportunities, and an employee-driven corporate giving program that lets you participate and support your community. Salary ranges are available for all positions at this location, taking into account roles with a comparable level of responsibility and impact in the relevant labor market and these salary ranges are regularly reviewed and adjusted in accordance with prevailing market conditions.
Automation Engineer Penn Life Sciences IncAutomation EngineerLanghorne, PAWe are looking for applicants with: A Bachelors degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Automation Engineering, Controls Engineering, or a closely related engineering discipline required. The ideal candidate will bring hands-on automation experience, strong troubleshooting capability, and a working understanding of cGMP and computerized systems expectations in a regulated manufacturing environment.
Automation Engineering Apprentice Jones Lang LaSalle IncAutomation Engineering ApprenticeEdison, NJ$69,243–$69,243.20 / yearYou'll train alongside experienced Automation Engineers, Technicians, and OEM partners to develop your understanding of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), Motor Controls, Sensor Logic Systems, Electrical System Installation, Industrial network Communications, and robotics while working safely and collaboratively in a fast-paced environment. Whether you've got deep experience in commercial real estate, skilled trades or technology, or you're looking to apply your relevant experience to a new industry, join our team as we help shape a brighter way forward.
Development Engineer, Facility Software Automation Fluidstack LtdDevelopment Engineer, Facility Software AutomationNew York, NY$250,000–$300,000 / yearFluidstack delivers gigawatts of compute in six months -- a fraction of the industrys 18 to 24 month timeline -- and every new site adds more devices, more signals, and more automation decisions that depend on clean data. You treat telemetry pipeline health and data integrity as non-negotiable, since the automation that delivers compute to customers depends entirely on the reliability of the data flowing underneath it, and you build and operate accordingly.
NewScientist II or III - Automation Scientist - FSP Parexel International CorpScientist II or III - Automation Scientist - FSPNJFor results-driven and caring individuals who want to make a meaningful difference in the world, Parexel is trusted by life sciences companies to meet their long-term staffing needs for scientists and engineers and related professionals in discovery and development of novel therapies, keeping patients at the center of everything we do, and where an inclusive community helps you be your best, transforming any career into a life-changing achievement. These platforms include high-throughput systems from Tecan and Unchained Labs, as well as medium-throughput platforms from Technobis, Mettler Toledo Quantos, Trajan Chronect, and similar systems.
NewSenior Engineer, Automation (Onsite) Merck & Co IncSenior Engineer, Automation (Onsite)Rahway, NJ$117,000–$184,200 / yearIn this role, this individual will be responsible for leading the design of the Manufacturing Execution System (MES)/ Electronic Batch Record (EBR) system with the process operations team, providing automation support during facility start-up activities, continued support of systems after start-up, and actively contribute to continuous improvement projects. Required Education, Experience and Skills: Bachelor's degree in chemical/biochemical engineering, pharmaceutical sciences, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, microbiology, or related discipline with minimum of 4 years relevant experience, or a master's degree with minimum years of relevant experience.
NewAutomation Operator Representative Quest Diagnostics IncAutomation Operator RepresentativeClifton, NJ$23.48–$35.23 / hourAutomation Specialist coordinates implementation and operations issues for automated sorting and aliquoting instruments within the Technical Operation department, which may include, but are not limited to, the following: Daily operation of front-end automation instruments [sorters and aliquoters] for all workcycles. Knowledge: Demonstrated aptitude for operating and trouble shooting highly automated instruments [able to distinguish hardware vs software or combined causes for malfunctions].