Optical System Engineer III, Amazon Robotics Amazon.com Services LLCOptical System Engineer III, Amazon RoboticsNorth Reading, MAThis is a senior solo contributor role requiring seasoned judgment, strategic thinking, and the ability to self-guide and take point on complex system-level initiatives—from the first customer conversation through architecture definition to a validated, manufacturable product. This role is the primary technical interface between customers and engineering: - You will oversee customer discovery sessions probing beyond stated needs to uncover latent requirements and translate them into quantifiable design goals.
Cyclotron Engineer SOFIECyclotron EngineerHaverhill, MA$90,000–$100,000 / yearAdditionally, the Cyclotron-Support Engineer I is responsibility for first-line troubleshooting, maintenance, and repair of equipment associated with manufacturing, including manipulator arms, lead shielded hot cells, radiosynthesizers, etc. Perform diagnosis and repair on the following: Electronic equipment, electro-pneumatic systems, high vacuum systems, deionized chilled water systems, high voltage, target, and high-power RF systems.
CAD / PCB Engineer II GCR Professional ServicesCAD / PCB Engineer IIAndover, MassachusettsContractorJoin a focused team of engineers bringing highly complex, dense, rugged and secure electronic packaging solutions to our nation’s warfighters and first responders. • Ability to work in a fast-paced engineering services group supporting multiple time zones within the US and internationally.
Robotics/Controls Engineer GCR Professional ServicesRobotics/Controls EngineerBurlington, Massachusetts$100,000–$140,000 / yearCollaborate with the Manager of Controls Engineering to design and implement advanced control systems for robotic manipulators and electromechanical systems. Responsibilities include motion control and servo tuning, dynamic modeling, simulation in MATLAB, and real-time software implementation.
Senior Electrical Engineer - Industrial - Danvers, MA Michael Page USASenior Electrical Engineer - Industrial - Danvers, MADanvers, MA$125,000–$180,000 / yearFull timeMy client is a global technology leader in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, providing innovative solutions that enable the production of advanced chips used in consumer electronics, automotive applications, communications, and industrial technologies. The Senior Electrical Engineer is responsible for the design, development, and support of complex electrical and electromechanical systems used in advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
NewRF Engineer Butler America AerospaceRF EngineerMaynard, MA$82–$97 / hourContractorExpertise with RF subsystems and hardware including antennas, transmitters, receivers, microwave components, low noise amplifiers, high power amplifiers, advanced electronic modules, amplifiers, mixers, switches, frequency generation circuits, and frequency conversion circuits is desired. -The engineering will collaborate with other engineering disciplines including hardware engineers, systems engineers, and circuit design engineers as well as technical and manufacturing support personnel.
Principal Analog Mixed Signal ASIC Layout Engineer GCR Professional ServicesPrincipal Analog Mixed Signal ASIC Layout EngineerCambridge, MassachusettsRemoteContractorA successful candidate will assist ASIC development through creating custom analog layouts, floor planning entire chips, high level problem solving, and executing tape outs. ¿ Perform or guide physical layout, including floor-planning, and simulate circuits using extracted parasitic, contribute to design-for-test development.
Manufacturing Engineer III (NH) GCR Professional ServicesManufacturing Engineer III (NH)Hudson, New HampshireContractorYou will collaborate with cross-functional teams, including design engineers, production personnel, and quality assurance, to optimize manufacturing operations and drive continuous improvement initiatives. As a Manufacturing Engineer, your primary responsibility will be to develop and improve manufacturing processes and systems to ensure the efficient and cost-effective production of defense and aerospace products.
Electrical Systems Engineer Vaco LLCElectrical Systems EngineerLawrence, MA$114,000–$230,000 / yearDetermining compensation for this role (and others) at Vaco by Highspring depends upon a wide array of factors including but not limited to: the individual’s skill sets, experience and training; licensure and certification requirements; office location and other geographic considerations; other business and organizational needs. Determining compensation for this role (and others) at Vaco/Highspring depends upon a wide array of factors including but not limited to the individual’s skill sets, experience and training, licensure and certifications, office location and other geographic considerations, as well as other business and organizational needs.
NewManufacturing Engineer III| (NH) GCR Professional ServicesManufacturing Engineer III| (NH)Hudson, New HampshireContractorYou will collaborate with cross-functional teams, including design engineers, production personnel, and quality assurance, to optimize manufacturing operations and drive continuous improvement initiatives. As a Manufacturing Engineer, your primary responsibility will be to develop and improve manufacturing processes and systems to ensure the efficient and cost-effective production of defense and aerospace products.
Staff Engineer, Software - Autonomous Aircraft Integration Shield AIStaff Engineer, Software - Autonomous Aircraft IntegrationBoston, MAFlight Data Capture & Analysis — Manage data collection during missions and post-test analysis, working with autonomy engineers to refine behaviors and identify improvements. • Collaboration Across Teams — Work closely with autonomy, GNC, systems, and test teams to ensure mission-critical functionality is delivered on time and validated thoroughly.
NewAerospace - Mechanical Engineer - Chelmsford, MA Michael Page USAAerospace - Mechanical Engineer - Chelmsford, MAChelmsford, MA$110,000–$120,000 / yearFull timeOur client is a well-established manufacturer of specialized electronic protection and filtering solutions serving a diverse customer base across commercial, industrial, and defense markets. Our client is seeking a Mechanical Design Engineer to support the design, development, testing, and documentation of specialized electronic hardware products.
NewElectrical Engineer Davron LLCElectrical EngineerFranklin, MASENIOR ENGINEER, ELECTRICAL | FRANKLIN, MA | PTC Creo | SolidWorks | GD&T | ASME Y14.5 | U.S. DoD security clearance | ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING | PROTOTYPE BUILDS | INTEGRATION | TESTING | SUSTAINMENT . This Electrical Engineer role offers the chance to lead electrical system design, integration, testing, and sustainment across complex mission systems from concept through production transition.
FM Approvals Electrical Engineer FMFM Approvals Electrical EngineerNorwood, MA$94,000–$134,000As a trusted leader in third-party certification, we help manufacturers bring safe, compliant, and high-performing products to market. Here, you’ll grow your technical expertise, collaborate with industry experts, and play a key role in advancing global safety.
Electrical Engineer Vaco LLCElectrical EngineerBurlington, MA$180,000–$230,000 / yearDetermining compensation for this role (and others) at Vaco by Highspring depends upon a wide array of factors including but not limited to: the individual’s skill sets, experience and training; licensure and certification requirements; office location and other geographic considerations; other business and organizational needs. Determining compensation for this role (and others) at Vaco/Highspring depends upon a wide array of factors including but not limited to the individual’s skill sets, experience and training, licensure and certifications, office location and other geographic considerations, as well as other business and organizational needs.
NewRegional Sales Manager - Thermal / Heating - East Coast Michael Page USARegional Sales Manager - Thermal / Heating - East CoastBoston, MA$120,000–$150,000 / yearFull timeIts reputation is built around reliable domestic production, rapid prototyping, and advanced heat-transfer technologies such as cold plates, heat pipes, vapor chambers, and liquid-cooled systems used in demanding, high-reliability environments. Our client is a thermal management manufacturer specializes in engineered cooling solutions for high-performance electronics, serving sectors such as aerospace, defense, industrial automation, telecommunications, and energy systems.
Senior Power Electronics Engineer Commonwealth Fusion Systems LLCSenior Power Electronics EngineerMA$110,000–$185,000 / yearResponsible to lead and coordinate electrical design projects and interface with cross-function stakeholders while ensuring a high-quality design release that meets specifications, project timelines within budget allocated. What you'll do: Design, model, simulate, analyze and validate power electronics circuits, magnetic components and control strategies for medium voltage power electronic converter systems (i.e. power supplies).
Senior Electronics Engineer QuEra Computing IncSenior Electronics EngineerBoston, MA$125,000–$160,000 / yearA Senior Power Electronics Engineer at QuEra Computing designs, develops, and tests advanced power delivery and control systems that support neutral-atom quantum computing platforms. Job Description: Design, develop, and implement power system architectures for quantum computing platforms, including low-noise AC/DC and DC/DC power distribution, point-of-load regulation, and custom power conversion solutions.
Senior Electronics Engineer-Technical Staff MIT Lincoln LaboratorySenior Electronics Engineer-Technical StaffLexington, MA$145,200–$170,000 / yearWe utilize the applied research approach to work on capabilities such as pointing and stabilization techniques to enable efficient space-based laser communication, and to build prototypes such as a ground-based sensor to detect biological threats in real time. The final salary offered to a selected candidate will depend on various factors, including—but not limited to—the scope and responsibilities of the role, the candidate’s experience, skills and education/training, internal equity considerations and applicable legal requirements.
Electronics Engineer-Assistant Staff MIT Lincoln LaboratoryElectronics Engineer-Assistant StaffLexington, MA$100,200–$120,000 / yearWe utilize the applied research approach to work on capabilities such as pointing and stabilization techniques to enable efficient space-based laser communication, and to build prototypes such as a ground-based sensor to detect biological threats in real time. The final salary offered to a selected candidate will depend on various factors, including—but not limited to—the scope and responsibilities of the role, the candidate’s experience, skills and education/training, internal equity considerations and applicable legal requirements.
Power Electronics Engineer Henpen CorporationPower Electronics EngineerConcord, MassachusettsYou will support the design and development of a wide variety of underwater maritime systems including electromechanical actuation systems, payloads for unmanned underwater vehicles, acoustic communication transceivers, motor systems, and high-power acoustic transmit arrays. Previous experience laying out boards and/or managing layout vendors is highly desired, as is experience designing for EMC and integrating high power components into larger systems.
Sr. Principal Power Electronics Engineer Schneider Electric USA, IncSr. Principal Power Electronics EngineerAndover, MAFull timeYou will own designs end-to-end-from early concept and topology selection through validation, industrialization, and field support-while collaborating with world-class teams across firmware, mechanical, systems, and verification engineering. As a Senior Principal Engineer, you will act as a subject-matter expert in power conversion, driving technical excellence across our 3-phase UPS systems, large kVA converters, and DC power platforms.
Power Electronics Engineer Analogic CorpPower Electronics EngineerCanton, MAIf youre passionate about power electronics and enjoy working from concept through production in a tight-knit team, this is an opportunity to do meaningful work with high visibility and impact. We're looking for a driven, hands-on engineer who thrives in a collaborative, fast-paced environment and enjoys solving complex technical challenges.
Electronics Engineer, IS-855-13 Smithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryElectronics Engineer, IS-855-13Cambridge, MA$119,355–$155,164 / yearSpecialized experience for this position would include significant experience in general electrical engineering, experience supporting architecting system level electrical designs using both commercial and custom electronics, and supporting project design reviews and participating in other projects’ reviews. Expert knowledge of the concepts, principles and practices of electrical engineering, in order to investigate, design, and provide consultative services to the development of a range of electronics for ground-based and space-borne instrumentation for astrophysical data collection, as well as its associated test, calibration and ground support equipment.
Electronics Engineer, IS-0855-14 Smithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryElectronics Engineer, IS-0855-14Cambridge, MA$141,041–$183,353 / yearKnowledge, Skills, and Abilities required : Mastery of advanced concepts, principles and practices of electronics engineering, in order to investigate, design, and provide consultative services to the development of an entire range of electronics for ground based and space-borne instrumentation for astrophysical data collection, as well as its associated test, calibration and ground support equipment. Makes both oral and written presentations to project scientists and technical representatives of contracting agencies and cooperating or affiliated organizations: Either singly or in collaboration with project scientists and other engineers, may write technical papers recording innovative design techniques and criteria, and present papers to technical symposia in the specialty field.
Senior Electronics Engineer QuEra ComputingSenior Electronics EngineerBoston, Massachusetts$125,000–$160,000 / yearA Senior Power Electronics Engineer at QuEra Computing designs, develops, and tests advanced power delivery and control systems that support neutral-atom quantum computing platforms. Design, develop, and implement power system architectures for quantum computing platforms, including low-noise AC/DC and DC/DC power distribution, point-of-load regulation, and custom power conversion solutions.
Staff Power Electronics Engineer Resonant Link MedicalStaff Power Electronics EngineerCambridge, MAAlong the way, you’ll design and implement new circuits, support the test engineering team by testing and debugging hardware, and collaborate with teammates to raise the level of technical rigor across the organization. Owning high-stakes electrical engineering risks across power electronics, battery management, and analog circuits — and driving them to closure to ensure reliable customer hardware delivery.
Staff Electronics Engineer CMR Surgical LtdStaff Electronics EngineerCambridge, MAThe Primary Purpose of the Staff Electronics Engineer is to act as a technical lead, providing subject matter expertise in electronics and embedded systems product development to help architect and shape electronics solutions throughout the entire product lifecycle - from concept to manufacture. Our commitment to our goal of building a world-class medical devices company is underpinned by the ground-breaking innovation of our next generation of surgical robots and a diverse team of talented and supportive individuals.
Senior Electrical Engineer - Digital Electronics RTX CorpSenior Electrical Engineer - Digital ElectronicsTewksbury, MAExperience in taking a design concept from the block diagram or requirements level to development of a complete hardware design, and verification via test and integration OR taking existing design and analyzing functionality and troubleshooting failures. Qualified candidates must be experienced in all aspects of circuit card design including hardware designs with processors, FPGAs, memory, and industry interfaces, such as PCIe, Ethernet, I2C, SPI, and UART.
Optical/Electronics Engineer-Associate Staff MIT Lincoln LaboratoryOptical/Electronics Engineer-Associate StaffLexington, MA$116,400–$140,000 / yearOur Group has a history of successful innovations; we have fielded a high-area coverage rate foliage-penetrating 3D imaging lidar using single photon-sensitive detector arrays; we developed a novel ultra-wideband coherent lidar; and we have MIT LL digital pixel focal plane array technology to develop unique passive IR sensors. Our portfolio of programs spans smaller, high-risk, high-reward seedling studies and experiments that explore novel techniques and technologies to the fielding of larger, more mature systems that are designed, developed and integrated onto target platforms, such as aircraft.
Electronics Engineer-Assistant Staff Lincoln LaboratoryElectronics Engineer-Assistant StaffLexington, MA$100,200–$120,000 / yearWe utilize the applied research approach to work on capabilities such as pointing and stabilization techniques to enable efficient space-based laser communication, and to build prototypes such as a ground-based sensor to detect biological threats in real time. The final salary offered to a selected candidate will depend on various factors, including-but not limited to-the scope and responsibilities of the role, the candidate's experience, skills and education/training, internal equity considerations and applicable legal requirements.
Senior Electronics Engineer-Technical Staff Lincoln LaboratorySenior Electronics Engineer-Technical StaffLexington, MA$145,200–$170,000 / yearWe utilize the applied research approach to work on capabilities such as pointing and stabilization techniques to enable efficient space-based laser communication, and to build prototypes such as a ground-based sensor to detect biological threats in real time. The final salary offered to a selected candidate will depend on various factors, including-but not limited to-the scope and responsibilities of the role, the candidate's experience, skills and education/training, internal equity considerations and applicable legal requirements.
Power Electronics - Principal Electrical Engineer Shield AI IncPower Electronics - Principal Electrical EngineerBoston, MA$211,125–$316,687 / yearCross-functional collaboration: Work closely with Mechanical, CAD, Embedded, Software, Supply Chain, Test Automation, Production and various aircraft teams throughout the product lifecycle. Full-cycle hardware development: Own the entire flow - concept, modeling, worst case analysis, schematic capture, simulation, prototyping, design reiteration for improving design maturity, testing and validation.
Raytheon Full Time 2026 - Digital Electronics Electrical Engineer I RTX CorpRaytheon Full Time 2026 - Digital Electronics Electrical Engineer ITewksbury, MAAs part of our commitment to maintaining a secure hiring process, candidates may be asked to attend select steps of the interview process in-person at one of our office locations, regardless of whether the role is designated as on-site, hybrid or remote. RTX considers several factors when extending an offer, including but not limited to, the role, function and associated responsibilities, a candidate's work experience, location, education/training, and key skills.
Senior Electrical Engineer - Digital Electronics RTXSenior Electrical Engineer - Digital ElectronicsMassachusettsActive and existing security clearance required after day 1 At RTX, the world's largest aerospace and defense company, 185,000 great minds are united by purpose and inspired to make a difference solving the world’s most complex problems. Experience in taking a design concept from the block diagram or requirements level to development of a complete hardware design, and verification via test and integration OR taking existing design and analyzing functionality and troubleshooting failures.
Senior Power Electronics Engineer The Charles Stark Draper LaboratorySenior Power Electronics EngineerCambridge, MassachusettsA Senior Power Electronics Engineer designs, specifies, develops, and tests power system architectures and requirements for a wide array of applications, including miniature power conversion and management circuitry, distributed power architectures, radiation hardened designs, novel battery management circuitry, small motor controllers, switched-mode power conversion and precision feedback systems. • Knowledge in at least one of the following areas: Isolated and non-Isolated dc/dc power conversion; rectification; inversion; battery management systems; motor controller design; system-level power distribution design; system/board level grounding/shielding and EMC design techniques.
NewRaytheon Full Time 2026 - Digital Electronics Electrical Engineer I RTXRaytheon Full Time 2026 - Digital Electronics Electrical Engineer IMassachusettsAs part of our commitment to maintaining a secure hiring process, candidates may be asked to attend select steps of the interview process in-person at one of our office locations, regardless of whether the role is designated as on-site, hybrid or remote. RTX considers several factors when extending an offer, including but not limited to, the role, function and associated responsibilities, a candidate’s work experience, location, education/training, and key skills.
Senior Hardware Power Electronics Engineer Schneider Electric SESenior Hardware Power Electronics EngineerMA$101,600–$152,400 / yearIf you believe this job posting is not compliant with applicable state pay transparency laws in the U.S., please notify the Company as soon as possible upon discovery by completing this form Job Posting Compliance Form" About the Role At Schneider Electric, we believe access to energy and digital solutions is a basic human right. Our Trust Charter is our Code of Conduct and demonstrates our commitment to ethics, safety, sustainability, quality and cybersecurity, underpinning every aspect of our business and our willingness to behave and respond respectfully and in good faith to all our stakeholders.
Hardware Electronics Engineer 2 The Charles Stark Draper LaboratoryHardware Electronics Engineer 2Cambridge, MassachusettsDraper supports many programs to improve work-life balance including workplace flexibility, employee clubs ranging from photography to yoga, health and finance workshops, off site social events and discounts to local museums and cultural activities. Innovatively solves issues, drives completion of the project to schedule, and collaboratively works with other technical contributors.
Sr. Electronics Engineer MKS IncSr. Electronics EngineerMA$101,675–$169,475 / yearYou Will Make an Impact By: Designing, debugging and board bring-up of analog and digital real-time embedded electronics for microcontroller-based control and communication hardware platforms using a combination of simulation, analysis, prototyping and testing. Design of analog and digital electronic circuits including low noise analog circuits, A/D and D/A converters, microcontroller, communications interfaces, low power linear and switched-mode power supplies.
Senior Digital Electronics Design Engineer The Charles Stark Draper LaboratorySenior Digital Electronics Design EngineerCambridge, MassachusettsDraper supports many programs to improve work-life balance including workplace flexibility, employee clubs ranging from photography to yoga, health and finance workshops, off site social events and discounts to local museums and cultural activities. As a senior member of the Harsh Environments Electronics Group, you will help shape digital hardware architectures and lead electronics development activities by applying sound engineering and project management principles.
Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer II - Test Solutions - Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA) RTX CorpElectrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer II - Test Solutions - Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA)Tewksbury, MAOur engineers work hands‑on with the latest test instrumentation, software, and automation technologies to integrate state‑of‑the‑art test capabilities for some of the most advanced engineering systems in the world. At RTX, the world's largest aerospace and defense company, 185,000 great minds are united by purpose and inspired to make a difference solving the world's most complex problems.
Principal Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer - Test Solutions - Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA) RTX CorpPrincipal Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer - Test Solutions - Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA)Tewksbury, MAOur engineers work hands‑on with the latest test instrumentation, software, and automation technologies to integrate state‑of‑the‑art test capabilities for some of the most advanced engineering systems in the world. Qualifications You Must Have: Typically requires Bachelor's degree in Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) and a minimum of eight (8) years of prior relevant experience OR an Advanced degree and five (5) years of relevant experience.
Senior Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer - Test Solutions - Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA) RTX CorpSenior Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer - Test Solutions - Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA)Tewksbury, MAOur engineers work hands‑on with the latest test instrumentation, software, and automation technologies to integrate state‑of‑the‑art test capabilities for some of the most advanced engineering systems in the world. Qualifications You Must Have: Typically requires a Bachelor's degree in Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) and a minimum of five (5) years of prior relevant experience OR an Advanced degree and three (3) years of relevant experience.
Principal Electrical Engineer-Digital Electronics Circuit Design RTX CorpPrincipal Electrical Engineer-Digital Electronics Circuit DesignMarlborough, MAAt RTX, the world largest aerospace and defense company, 185,000 great minds are united by purpose and inspired to make a difference solving the world's most complex problems. As part of our commitment to maintaining a secure hiring process, candidates may be asked to attend select steps of the interview process in-person at one of our office locations, regardless of whether the role is designated as on-site, hybrid or remote.
Optical/Electronics Engineer-Associate Staff Lincoln LaboratoryOptical/Electronics Engineer-Associate StaffLexington, MA$116,400–$140,000 / yearOur Group has a history of successful innovations; we have fielded a high-area coverage rate foliage-penetrating 3D imaging lidar using single photon-sensitive detector arrays; we developed a novel ultra-wideband coherent lidar; and we have MIT LL digital pixel focal plane array technology to develop unique passive IR sensors. Our portfolio of programs spans smaller, high-risk, high-reward seedling studies and experiments that explore novel techniques and technologies to the fielding of larger, more mature systems that are designed, developed and integrated onto target platforms, such as aircraft.
NewRaytheon Full Time 2026 - Digital Electronics Electrical Engineer I Pratt & WhitneyRaytheon Full Time 2026 - Digital Electronics Electrical Engineer IMassachusettsAs part of our commitment to maintaining a secure hiring process, candidates may be asked to attend select steps of the interview process in-person at one of our office locations, regardless of whether the role is designated as on-site, hybrid or remote. RTX considers several factors when extending an offer, including but not limited to, the role, function and associated responsibilities, a candidate’s work experience, location, education/training, and key skills.
Principal Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer – Test Solutions – Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA) RTXPrincipal Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer – Test Solutions – Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA)Tewksbury, MassachusettsAbility to obtain INTERIM U.S. government issued security clearance is required prior to start date At RTX, the world's largest aerospace and defense company, 185,000 great minds are united by purpose and inspired to make a difference solving the world’s most complex problems. Our engineers work hands‑on with the latest test instrumentation, software, and automation technologies to integrate state‑of‑the‑art test capabilities for some of the most advanced engineering systems in the world.
Senior Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer - Test Solutions – Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA) RTXSenior Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer - Test Solutions – Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA)Tewksbury, MassachusettsAbility to obtain INTERIM U.S. government issued security clearance is required prior to start date At RTX, the world's largest aerospace and defense company, 185,000 great minds are united by purpose and inspired to make a difference solving the world’s most complex problems. Our engineers work hands‑on with the latest test instrumentation, software, and automation technologies to integrate state‑of‑the‑art test capabilities for some of the most advanced engineering systems in the world.
Electrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer II - Test Solutions – Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA) RTXElectrical & Electronics (E&E) Engineer II - Test Solutions – Onsite (Tewksbury/Andover, MA)Tewksbury, MassachusettsAbility to obtain INTERIM U.S. government issued security clearance is required prior to start date At RTX, the world's largest aerospace and defense company, 185,000 great minds are united by purpose and inspired to make a difference solving the world’s most complex problems. Our engineers work hands‑on with the latest test instrumentation, software, and automation technologies to integrate state‑of‑the‑art test capabilities for some of the most advanced engineering systems in the world.